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Insulin

What is Insulin


Location of the PancreasInsulin is a hormone. And like many hormones, insulin is a protein. Insulin is secreted by groups of cells within the pancreas called islet cells. The pancreas is an organ that sits behind the stomach and has many functions in addition to insulin production. The pancreas also produces digestive enzymes and other hormones (detailed on another page). Carbohydrates (or sugars) are absorbed from the intestines into the bloodstream after a meal. Insulin is then secreted by the pancreas in response to this detected increase in blood sugar. Most cells of the body have insulin receptors which bind the insulin which is in the circulation. When a cell has insulin attached to its surface, the cell activates other receptors designed to absorb glucose (sugar) from the blood stream into the inside of the cell.

Pancreatic Islet Cells secrete insulinWithout insulin, you can eat lots of food and actually be in a state of starvation since many of our cells cannot access the calories contained in the glucose very well without the action of insulin. This is why Type 1 diabetics who do not make insulin can become very ill without insulin shots. Insulin is a necessary hormone. Those who develop a deficiency of insulin must have it replaced via shots or pumps (Type 1 Diabetes). More commonly, people will develop insulin resistance (Type 2 Diabetes) rather than a true deficiency of insulin. In this case, the levels of insulin in the blood are similar or even a little higher than in normal, non-diabetic individuals. However, many cells of Type 2 diabetics respond sluggishly to the insulin they make and therefore their cells cannot absorb the sugar molecules well. This leads to blood sugar levels which run higher than normal. Occasionally Type 2 diabetics will need insulin shots but most of the time other methods of treatment will work.



Pancreas Secretes InsulinInsulin was the first hormone identified (late 1920's) which won the doctor and medical student who discovered it the Nobel Prize (Banting and Best). They discovered insulin by tying a string around the pancreatic duct of several dogs. When they examined the pancreases of these dogs several weeks later, all of the pancreas digestive cells were gone (died and were absorbed by the immune system) and the only thing left was thousands of pancreatic islets. They then isolated the protein from these islets and behold, they discovered insulin. Note that there are other hormones produced by different types of cells within pancreatic islets (glucagon, somatostatin, etc) but insulin is produced in far greater amounts under normal conditions making the simple approach used by Banting and Best quite successful.

Where Does Commercial Insulin Come From

The first successful insulin preparations came from cows (and later pigs). The pancreatic islets and the insulin protein contained within them were isolated from animals slaughtered for food in a similar but more complex fashion than was used by our doctor and med-student duo. The bovine (cow) and porcine (pig) insulin were purified, bottled, and sold. Bovine and porcine insulin worked very well (and still do!) for the vast majority of patients, but some could develop an allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein (a foreign protein is a protein which is not native to humans). In the 1980's technology had advanced to the point where we could make human insulin. The advantage would be that human insulin would have a much lower chance of inducing a reaction because it is not a foreign protein (all humans have the exact same insulin, so we do not "see" this as a foreign protein). The technology which made this approach possible was the development of recombinant DNA techniques. In simple terms, the human gene which codes for the insulin protein was cloned (copied) and then put inside of bacteria. A number of tricks were performed on this gene to make the bacteria want to use it to constantly make insulin. Big vats of bacteria now make tons of human insulin. From this, pharmaceutical companies can isolate pure human insulin.

Pure Insulin-producing Cells Produced In Mice Science Daily (press release) - 2 hours ago 20, 2008) — Singapore researchers have developed an unlimited number of pure insulin-producing cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ...

Pharmas and Biotech: Vying for Outsize Insulin Profits Seeking Alpha, NY - 3 hours ago Nektar Therapeutics (NKTR) has been struggling since 2007, when Pfizer (PFE) discontinued selling Nektar's Exubera inhaled insulin because of disappointing ... Nektar Therapeutics Q3 2008 Earnings Call Transcript Seeking Alpha all 2 news articles

Inhaled insulin improved glycemic control better than powder Endocrine Today, NJ - 7 hours ago Patients with type 2 diabetes randomly assigned to Technosphere inhaled insulin for 12 weeks experienced greater improvements in HbA1c and postprandial ... Long-term variability in HbA1c better predicts nephropathy ... Endocrine Today all 2 news articles

Singapore Researchers Discover Pure Insulin Cells That Treat Diabetes Bernama, Malaysia - 10 hours ago SINGAPORE, Nov 20 (Bernama) -- A team of Singapore researchers has made a breakthrough in developing an unlimited number of pure insulin-producing cells ... Novel stem cell breakthrough Straits Times EVERY morning when she arrived at work, she would scrutinise the ... TODAYonline Learn about the World Regenerative Medicine Market MarketWatch University of Manchester - Telegraph.co.uk all 21 news articles

Two area senior citizens, one teen deal with their diabetes with ... Defiance Crescent News, OH - 3 hours ago She learned the pancreas was destroyed by the infection and she was then put on insulin to replace the insulin which was provided by her pancreas. ... Diabetes on the rise nationally and in northwest Ohio Defiance Crescent News all 2 news articles

Insulin spray for diabetes patients Times of India, India - 16 hours ago BANGALORE: Diabetes patients on insulin, suffering from acute injection phobia, have an alternative with the launch of Oral-Recosulin , a recombinant DNA ... World's first Oral insulin therapy for diabetics launched MyNews.in Anti-diabetic spray to hit market next month Daily News & Analysis all 3 news articles

Natural News.com

Author Dr. Doug Graham (Part II): Fats, Sugars and Your Body Natural News.com, AZ - 4 hours ago The adrenaline causes the pancreas to squirt out even more insulin and bam, you get an extra dose. What the insulin does is it attaches itself to the sugar ...

Full Text (HTML) Science Magazine (subscription) - 57 minutes ago We used mouse models to explore the mechanism whereby obesity enhances pancreatic β cell mass, pathophysiological compensation for insulin resistance. ...

Metabolon and Joslin Diabetes Center Announce Research Collaboration MarketWatch - Nov 18, 2008 "Through these studies, we hope to gain insights into new biomarkers of insulin resistance that will help guide and increase our understanding of the ... Joslin Diabetes Center to Use Metabolon Profiling Technology in ... GenomeWeb News (registration) Major Diabetes Honor Recognizes Harvard's Spiegelman; Fellow Award ... Medical News Today (press release) all 10 news articles

Dealing with diabetes at 12 Williamson Daily News, WV - 31 minutes ago The only treatment the hospital could offer is to slowly lower his blood sugar levels by intravenous insulin. If the levels came down too quickly, brain, ...

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Insulin

What is Insulin


Location of the PancreasInsulin is a hormone. And like many hormones, insulin is a protein. Insulin is secreted by groups of cells within the pancreas called islet cells. The pancreas is an organ that sits behind the stomach and has many functions in addition to insulin production. The pancreas also produces digestive enzymes and other hormones (detailed on another page). Carbohydrates (or sugars) are absorbed from the intestines into the bloodstream after a meal. Insulin is then secreted by the pancreas in response to this detected increase in blood sugar. Most cells of the body have insulin receptors which bind the insulin which is in the circulation. When a cell has insulin attached to its surface, the cell activates other receptors designed to absorb glucose (sugar) from the blood stream into the inside of the cell.

Pancreatic Islet Cells secrete insulinWithout insulin, you can eat lots of food and actually be in a state of starvation since many of our cells cannot access the calories contained in the glucose very well without the action of insulin. This is why Type 1 diabetics who do not make insulin can become very ill without insulin shots. Insulin is a necessary hormone. Those who develop a deficiency of insulin must have it replaced via shots or pumps (Type 1 Diabetes). More commonly, people will develop insulin resistance (Type 2 Diabetes) rather than a true deficiency of insulin. In this case, the levels of insulin in the blood are similar or even a little higher than in normal, non-diabetic individuals. However, many cells of Type 2 diabetics respond sluggishly to the insulin they make and therefore their cells cannot absorb the sugar molecules well. This leads to blood sugar levels which run higher than normal. Occasionally Type 2 diabetics will need insulin shots but most of the time other methods of treatment will work.



Pancreas Secretes InsulinInsulin was the first hormone identified (late 1920's) which won the doctor and medical student who discovered it the Nobel Prize (Banting and Best). They discovered insulin by tying a string around the pancreatic duct of several dogs. When they examined the pancreases of these dogs several weeks later, all of the pancreas digestive cells were gone (died and were absorbed by the immune system) and the only thing left was thousands of pancreatic islets. They then isolated the protein from these islets and behold, they discovered insulin. Note that there are other hormones produced by different types of cells within pancreatic islets (glucagon, somatostatin, etc) but insulin is produced in far greater amounts under normal conditions making the simple approach used by Banting and Best quite successful.

Where Does Commercial Insulin Come From

The first successful insulin preparations came from cows (and later pigs). The pancreatic islets and the insulin protein contained within them were isolated from animals slaughtered for food in a similar but more complex fashion than was used by our doctor and med-student duo. The bovine (cow) and porcine (pig) insulin were purified, bottled, and sold. Bovine and porcine insulin worked very well (and still do!) for the vast majority of patients, but some could develop an allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein (a foreign protein is a protein which is not native to humans). In the 1980's technology had advanced to the point where we could make human insulin. The advantage would be that human insulin would have a much lower chance of inducing a reaction because it is not a foreign protein (all humans have the exact same insulin, so we do not "see" this as a foreign protein). The technology which made this approach possible was the development of recombinant DNA techniques. In simple terms, the human gene which codes for the insulin protein was cloned (copied) and then put inside of bacteria. A number of tricks were performed on this gene to make the bacteria want to use it to constantly make insulin. Big vats of bacteria now make tons of human insulin. From this, pharmaceutical companies can isolate pure human insulin.

Roche to Continue as Exclusive Corporate Sponsor of JDRF Bag of ... MarketWatch - 12 hours ago Type 1 diabetes is a disease that strikes children and adults suddenly and requires multiple injections of insulin daily or a continuous infusion of insulin ...

Court ruling marks shift in treatment of Calif. schoolchildren ... Atlanta Journal Constitution,  USA - 14 hours ago ... nursing groups in their challenge to a 2007 rule that enabled trained school staff not just school nurses to administer insulin shots to diabetic kids. ... Statement From the American Diabetes Association on Court Ruling ... International Business Times all 12 news articles

Biodel reports positive effects of VIAject insulin in diabetes ... Pharmaceutical Business Review - 3 hours ago By Staff Writer In the randomized cross-over pilot study, 14 patients were treated before mealtime on three days with three different insulin therapies ...

Oral Insulin Spray Showing Promise Renal and Urology News, NY - 8 hours ago A FORM of needle-free insulin that is absorbed through the lining of the mouth may offer some diabetic patients a convenient new way to receive their ...

Only Nurses Can Give Insulin Voice of San Diego, CA - 3 hours ago California schools are no longer allowed to let school staffers other than licensed nurses to give diabetic students their insulin injections, ...

Judge rules schools must have medical staff available to give ... San Jose Mercury News,  USA - Nov 14, 2008 By Eric Louie A judge ruled Friday that California public schools cannot allow nonmedical staff members to help diabetic students with their insulin. ... Sacramento judge reverses school rule for insulin injections Sacramento Bee all 10 news articles

Dr. Jeff Hersh: Pre-diabetes is a real risk Norwich Bulletin, CT - 7 hours ago Insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas that allows the body's cells to use glucose; it is problems with insulin that cause diabetes. ...

Biodel Reports Protective Effects of VIAject Insulin on ... PharmaLive.com (press release), PA - 8 hours ago BUSINESS WIRE)--Biodel Inc. (Nasdaq: BIOD) today reported positive effects of VIAject™ insulin on microvascular function in patients with Type 2 diabetes ...

Acting on insulin Australian Life Scientist, Australia - 19 minutes ago A PhD student from the Garvan Institute in Sydney has discovered a novel action for insulin, describing a new role in glucose uptake. ...

Are you at risk for diabetes? Sourdough Sentinel, AK - 11 hours ago Cells use the hormone insulin, made in the pancreas, to help them process blood glucose into energy. Type 1 is less common and occurs in approximately five ... A1 Team Australia 'Racing For Diabetes Awareness' PaddockTalk all 7 news articles

Common Misspellings include actualy addtion adavanced alsot, aslo adn, anbd anohter aroud, arround, arund baceause, beacuse, becasue, beccause, becouse, becuase bu cannnot, cant circulaton commerical, commericial commongly condidtions constanly coudl, sould desgined, dessigned detailled develope delevopment, developement, develpment, devolopement diabeates, diabetis, dibetes, dibetis, diebetes dibetic, diebetic diabetecs, dibetics diferent, diferrent, differnt, diffrent dicovered doens ect excact examinated firt, firts foriegn fomr, frome ahev, ahve, haev, hvae, hvea heigher, higer howver indviduals inot it's lefted liek, liuke littel maked majoroty, marjority amke, mkae, mkea amking, mkaing medial moleclues moreso, mroe, omre neccesary, neccessary, neccessary, necesary, nessecary ened nto, onot onot nowe ocasionally, ocasionaly, ocassionally, ocassionaly, occassionally, occassionaly, occationally lonly, onyl orgin nother, otehr peopel performes possable, possibile preperations protem, protien qtuie, qutie resistence reponse, responce smae severeal similiar, simmilar sicne, sinse sose sould smoe, soem succesful, succesfull, successfull, succsessfull, sucesful, sucesfull, sucessful, sucessfull surfce sytem techiniques technnology, technolgy tahn, thna taht, tath, thast, thgat, thta, thyat hten, tghe, ther, thge, tjhe ther, theri, thier, thier thne their, ther theese htey, tehy, tyhe hting, thign, thnig htis, thsi, tihs ethose, thsoe tiem, timne, tiome uise unsed veyr, vrey, vyer, vyre wanna, watn, whant, wnat wass, weas, ws vell waht, whta wehn, whn hwihc, whcih, whic, whihc, whlch, wich iwll, wille, wiull withing owrk, wokr, wrok owudl, woudl
 Healthy Food Facts  Healthy Organic Food  Obesity and Weightloss  Vitamins & Supplements  Diabetes Diabeates Diabetic  Natural Remedies Textbook  AMP supplements  Benefits of Coconut Oil Benifits  Vitamin B and it's effect on the Body  Coconut Oil And Pregnancy  Benifits Of Chromium  Benefits Of Protien  The Atkins Diet  Whey Protein: the ultimate nourishment  Quinoa  Insulin   Risk of Partially Hydrogenated Oils  Monoglycerides and diglycerides   Fortified Foods  Heart Healthy Menu  Food Selection Factors  NUTRIENT DENSITY  Nutritious Diet  South Beach Diet  Essential amino acids  The Four Basic Nutrients  Water Intake  Metabolism  douwe egberts colombian decaf  Anabolic steroids